Practical Power System Inertia Monitoring Based on Pumped Storage Hydropower Operation Signature

This paper proposes a practical method to monitor power system inertia using Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH) switching-off events. This approach offers real-time system-level inertia estimation with minimal expenses, no disruption, and the inclusion of behind-the-meter inertia. First, accurate inertia estimation is achieved through improved RoCoF calculation that accounts for pre-event RoCoF, reducing common random frequency fluctuations in practice. Second, PSH field data is analyzed, highlighting the benefits of using switching-off events for grid inertia estimation. Third, an event detection trigger is designed to capture pump switching-off events based on local and system features. Fourth, the method is validated on the U.S. Eastern Interconnection model with over 60,000 buses, demonstrating very high accuracy (3%-5% error rate). Finally, it is applied to the U.S. Western Interconnection, with field validation showing a 9.9% average absolute error rate. Despite challenges in practical power system inertia estimation, this method enhances decision-making for power grid reliability and efficiency, addressing challenges posed by renewable energy integration.