Plasmonic polaron in self-intercalated 1T-TiS2

Electron-boson coupling is central to a comprehensive understanding of the diverse physical phenomena emerging from many-body interactions. Yet less attention has been paid to how plasmons, collective bosonic modes of electron density oscillation, interact with conduction electrons and how external parameters can tune this interaction. Here, we present a clear display of composite quasiparticles stemming from electron-plasmon coupling, known as the plasmonic polaron, in self-intercalated 1T-TiS2, by using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HR-EELS) and first-principles calculations. The single particle spectral function exhibits a distinctive plasmon-loss satellite with the same characteristic energy scale determined by HR-EELS measurements. The bosonic energy scale of plasmonic polaron is tunable by controlling charge carrier density and temperature, distinguishing itself from conventional polarons arising from electron-phonon interactions. Furthermore, we find that the dielectric screening strongly affects the formation of the plasmonic polaron states. Our findings provide direct spectroscopic evidence of plasmonic polarons and establish self-intercalated layered materials as a promising platform for studying, controlling, and harnessing plasmonic interactions in quantum materials.