Photon condensation from thermal sources and the limits of heat engines
Abstract
The trapping and cooling of photon gases in microcavities has been used to create Bose-Einstein condensates. We investigate the conditions required for condensation in dye-filled microcavities, with photon populations created either by driving a transition of the dye, or by coupling the cavity modes to a thermal photon reservoir such as sunlight. We find that the threshold pump temperature, above which condensation appears, is determined by the second law of thermodynamics. The minimum achievable threshold is that of a reversible three-level heat engine, which we show arises in the dye-pumped case, and for pumping of the modes of a two-level cavity. For a many-level cavity condensation occurs at a similar but higher temperature. Our results show that photon condensates can be produced by pumping with incoherent thermal sources, opening possibilities for coherent light generation, energy harvesting, and experimental studies of quantum heat engines.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2507.19128,
title = {Photon condensation from thermal sources and the limits of heat engines},
author = {Luisa Toledo Tude and Emily Haughton and Paul R. Eastham},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.19128},
year = {2025}
}
Comments
6 pages, 4 figures. v2: Accepted version with improved presentation and corrected value for zero-phonon transition frequency leading to increased critical temperature