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Pal's permanent conjecture: proof for block uniform matrices

Combinatorics 2026-05-26 v1 Mathematical Physics math.MP Probability

Abstract

Consider a symmetric function C(x,y)\mathcal{C}(x,y) on [0,1]×[0,1][0,1]\times[0,1] which is twice continuously differentiable up to the boundary, and which satisfies C(x,y)=C(1x,1y) \mathcal{C}(x,y)=\mathcal{C}(1-x,1-y). Let A(n)=(ai,j(n):i,j[n])A^{(n)} = \big(a^{(n)}_{i,j}\, :\, i,j \in [n]\big) be the matrix with entries ai,j(n)=exp(C(i/n,j/n))a^{(n)}_{i,j}\, =\, \exp(-\mathcal{C}(i/n,j/n)). Soumik Pal conjectured the asymptotics perm(A(n))/n!exp(nΛ[C])/D[C]\operatorname{perm}\big(A^{(n)}\big)/n!\sim \exp\big(n \Lambda[\mathcal{C}]\big)/ \sqrt{\mathcal{D}[\mathcal{C}]} as nn \to \infty for known functionals that arise naturally in the context of entropy regularized optimal transport. The functional Λ[C]\Lambda[\mathcal{C}] is the known large deviation rate function, already proved rigorously by Sumit Mukherjee. It is 0101(α(x)+β(y))dxdy\int_{0}^1 \int_0^{1} (\alpha(x)+\beta(y))\, dx\, dy where α(x)+β(y)\alpha(x)+\beta(y) is chosen such that ρ(x,y):=exp(C(x,y)α(x)β(y))\rho(x,y) := \exp(-\mathcal{C}(x,y)-\alpha(x)-\beta(y)) has uniform marginals. The algebraic term D[c]\mathcal{D}[c] is given by Peter McCullagh's formula for doubly stochastic matrices: detF(I+JTT)\operatorname{det}_F(I+J-T^*T), the Fredholm determinant, where II is the identity on L2([0,1])L^2([0,1]), Jf(x)01f(z)dzJf(x) \equiv \int_{0}^1 f(z)\, dz (for all xx) and Tf(x)=01ρ(x,y)f(y)dyTf(x) = \int_0^1 \rho(x,y) f(y)\, dy. We prove the conjecture for functions C\mathcal C that are constant on blocks, exploiting a well-known Ross Pinsky's combinatorial decomposition of permutations in blocks.

Cite

@article{arxiv.2605.25274,
  title  = {Pal's permanent conjecture: proof for block uniform matrices},
  author = {Andrea Ottolini and Shannon Starr},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.25274},
  year   = {2026}
}

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11 pages