Optimal wall-to-wall transport by incompressible flows

We consider wall-to-wall transport of a passive tracer by divergence-free velocity vector fields $\mathbf{u}$. Given an enstrophy budget $\langle |\nabla \mathbf{u}|^{2} \rangle \le Pe^{2}$ we construct steady two-dimensional flows that transport at rates $Nu(\mathbf{u}) \gtrsim Pe^{2/3}/(\log Pe)^{4/3}$ in the large enstrophy limit. Combined with the known upper bound $Nu(\mathbf{u})\lesssim Pe^{2/3}$ for any such enstrophy-constrained flow, we conclude that maximally transporting flows satisfy $Nu\sim Pe^{2/3}$ up to possible logarithmic corrections. Combined with known transport bounds in the context of Rayleigh-B\'enard convection this establishes that while suitable flows approaching the "ultimate" heat transport scaling $Nu\sim Ra^{1/2}$ exist, they are not always realizable as buoyancy-driven flows. The result is obtained by exploiting a connection between the wall-to-wall optimal transport problem and a closely related class of singularly perturbed variational problems arising in the study of energy-driven pattern formation in materials science.