The hubness problem, in which hub embeddings are close to many unrelated examples, occurs often in high-dimensional embedding spaces and may pose a practical threat for purposes such as information retrieval and automatic evaluation metrics. In particular, since cross-modal similarity between text and images cannot be calculated by direct comparisons, such as string matching, cross-modal encoders that project different modalities into a shared space are helpful for various cross-modal applications, and thus, the existence of hubs may pose practical threats. To reveal the vulnerabilities of cross-modal encoders, we propose a method for identifying the hub embedding and its corresponding hub text. Experiments on image captioning evaluation in MSCOCO and nocaps along with image-to-text retrieval tasks in MSCOCO and Flickr30k showed that our method can identify a single hub text that unreasonably achieves comparable or higher similarity scores than human-written reference captions in many images, thereby revealing the vulnerabilities in cross-modal encoders.
@article{arxiv.2604.27674,
title = {One Single Hub Text Breaks CLIP: Identifying Vulnerabilities in Cross-Modal Encoders via Hubness},
author = {Hiroyuki Deguchi and Katsuki Chousa and Yusuke Sakai},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.27674},
year = {2026}
}