On the second partial Global Euler-Poincare characteristics for Galois cohomology

Let $K$ be a number field, let $S$ be a finite set of primes of $K$ containing all archimedean primes, and let $G_{K,S}$ denote the Galois group of the maximal extension of $K$ unramified outside $S$. In this paper, we study the second partial Euler-Poincare characteristic $\chi_{2}(G_{K,S},M)$ for a finite $G_{K,S}$-module $M$, without imposing the condition that the order of $M$ is an $S$-unit. By adjoining a further finite set of primes of $K$, which can be chosen to be disjoint from any prescribed set of primes of density zero, we obtain an explicit formula for $\chi_{2}(G_{K,S},M)$. As an application, we investigate the presentation of the Galois group $G_{K,S}$. Furthermore, we construct counterexamples to the dimension conjecture for Galois deformation rings over all number fields.