On the Jacobian of $\overline{{{\rm Spec}\,\mathbb Z}}$
Abstract
We interpret the structure of the adele class space of the rationals--and specifically its Riemann sector--as the natural monoidal extension of the Picard group of the arithmetic curve . We identify the elements of this space with torsion-free rank-1 abelian groups endowed with rigidifying data. In the Riemann sector, this data corresponds to a norm, extending the classical notion of metrized line bundles in Arakelov geometry. For the full adele class space, we replace the norm with a group morphism to and a combinatorial datum: a parametrization of the roots of unity associated with the character dual of . We show that the product of adeles is represented geometrically by the tensor product of these rank-1 groups and their rigidifying structures. The resulting monoid space generalizes the Picard group to the full adelic context by incorporating the singular strata required for the spectral realization of -functions.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2602.15941,
title = {On the Jacobian of $\overline{{{\rm Spec}\,\mathbb Z}}$},
author = {Alain Connes and Caterina Consani},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.15941},
year = {2026}
}
Comments
48 pages