English

On the Jacobian of $\overline{{{\rm Spec}\,\mathbb Z}}$

Number Theory 2026-02-19 v1 Algebraic Geometry Quantum Algebra

Abstract

We interpret the structure of the adele class space of the rationals--and specifically its Riemann sector--as the natural monoidal extension of the Picard group of the arithmetic curve SpecZ\overline{\operatorname{Spec} \mathbb Z}. We identify the elements of this space with torsion-free rank-1 abelian groups LL endowed with rigidifying data. In the Riemann sector, this data corresponds to a norm, extending the classical notion of metrized line bundles in Arakelov geometry. For the full adele class space, we replace the norm with a group morphism to R\mathbb R and a combinatorial datum: a parametrization of the roots of unity associated with the character dual of LL. We show that the product of adeles is represented geometrically by the tensor product of these rank-1 groups and their rigidifying structures. The resulting monoid space generalizes the Picard group to the full adelic context by incorporating the singular strata required for the spectral realization of LL-functions.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2602.15941,
  title  = {On the Jacobian of $\overline{{{\rm Spec}\,\mathbb Z}}$},
  author = {Alain Connes and Caterina Consani},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.15941},
  year   = {2026}
}

Comments

48 pages