With the rapid growth of large-scale single-cell omic datasets, omic foundation models (FMs) have emerged as powerful tools for advancing research in life sciences and precision medicine. However, most existing omic FMs rely primarily on numerical transcriptomic data by sorting genes as sequences, while lacking explicit integration of biomedical prior knowledge and signaling interactions that are critical for scientific discovery. Here, we introduce the Text-Omic Signaling Graph (TOSG), a novel data structure that unifies human-interpretable biomedical textual knowledge, quantitative omic data, and signaling network information. Using this framework, we construct OmniCellTOSG, a large-scale resource comprising approximately half million meta-cell TOSGs derived from around 80 million single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-seq profiles across organs and diseases. We further develop CellTOSG-FM, a multimodal graph language FM, to jointly analyze textual, omic and signaling network context. Across diverse downstream tasks, CellTOSG-FM outperforms existing omic FMs, and provides interpretable insights into disease-associated targets and signaling pathways.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2504.02148,
title = {OmniCellTOSG: The First Cell Text-Omic Signaling Graphs Dataset for Graph Language Foundation Modeling},
author = {Heming Zhang and Tim Xu and Dekang Cao and Shunning Liang and Guntaas Shergill and Nicholas Hadas and Lars Schimmelpfennig and Levi Kaster and Di Huang and Guangfu Li and S. Peter Goedegebuure and David DeNardo and Li Ding and Ryan C. Fields and J Philip Miller and Pirooz Eghtesady and Carlos Cruchaga and William Buchser and Jonathan Cooper and Marco Sardiello and Patricia Dickson and Yixin Chen and Michael Province and Philip Payne and Fuhai Li},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.02148},
year = {2026}
}