Octopus: History-Free Gradient Orthogonalization for Continual Learning in Multimodal Large Language Models
Abstract
Continual learning in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) aims to sequentially acquire knowledge while mitigating catastrophic forgetting, yet existing methods face inherent limitations: architecture-based approaches incur additional computational overhead and often generalize poorly to new tasks, rehearsal-based methods rely on storing historical data, raising privacy and storage concerns, and conventional regularization-based strategies alone are insufficient to fully prevent parameter interference. We propose Octopus, a two-stage continual learning framework based on History-Free Gradient Orthogonalization (HiFGO), which enforces gradient-level orthogonality without historical task data. Our proposed two-stage finetuning strategy decouples task adaptation from regularization, achieving a principled balance between plasticity and stability. Experiments on UCIT show that Octopus establishes state-of-the-art performance, surpassing prior SOTA by 2.14% and 6.82% in terms of Avg and Last.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2605.14938,
title = {Octopus: History-Free Gradient Orthogonalization for Continual Learning in Multimodal Large Language Models},
author = {Yuehao Liu and Shanyan Guan and Weijia Zhang and Xuanming Shang and Yanhao Ge and Wei Li and Chao Ma},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.14938},
year = {2026}
}