Neighborhood Complexity and Radius-1 Merge-Width in Monadically Dependent Graph Classes

Monadic dependence is a proposed structural dividing line for fixed-parameter tractability of first-order model checking on hereditary graph classes. A graph class is \emph{monadically dependent} if the class of all graphs cannot be interpreted in its vertex-colored members using a fixed first-order formula. We prove two structural consequences of monadic dependence. First, every monadically dependent class has \emph{almost linear neighborhood complexity}: for every graph $G$ in the class and every set $A\subseteq V(G)$, the family $\{N_G(v)\cap A : v\in V(G)\}$ has size $|A|^{1+o(1)}$. Second, every $n$-vertex graph in a monadically dependent class has radius-1 merge-width $n^{o(1)}$. Here, merge-width is the decomposition parameter of Dreier and Toru\'nczyk based on construction sequences; its radius-$r$ version measures local reachability among parts through already resolved pairs. This settles the radius-1 case of the conjectured connection between monadic dependence and almost bounded merge-width and provides the first decomposition-based structural description of monadically dependent graph classes. Our proof is algorithmic: we give an $\mathcal{O}(n^5)$-time algorithm that, given an $n$-vertex graph $G$ such that $|\{N_G(v)\cap A : v\in V(G)\}|\le O(|A|^d)$ for every $A\subseteq V(G)$, computes a construction sequence witnessing radius-1 merge-width $\mathcal{O}(n^{1-1/d}\log n)$.