English

Multiplicative Ramanujan coefficients of null-function

Number Theory 2020-06-09 v2

Abstract

The null-function 0(a):=00(a):=0, a\forall a\in N, has Ramanujan expansions: 0(a)=q=1(1/q)cq(a)0(a)=\sum_{q=1}^{\infty}(1/q)c_q(a) (where cq(a):=c_q(a):= Ramanujan sum), given by Ramanujan, and 0(a)=q=1(1/φ(q))cq(a)0(a)=\sum_{q=1}^{\infty}(1/\varphi(q))c_q(a), given by Hardy (φ:=\varphi:= Euler's totient function). Both converge pointwise (not absolutely) in N. A G:G:N \rightarrow C is called a Ramanujan coefficient, abbrev. R.c., iff (if and only if) q=1G(q)cq(a)\sum_{q=1}^{\infty}G(q)c_q(a) converges in all aa\in N; given F:F:N \rightarrow C, we call <F><F>, the set of its R.c.s, the Ramanujan cloud of FF. Our Main Theorem in arxiv:1910.14640, for Ramanujan expansions and finite Euler products, implies a complete Classification for multiplicative Ramanujan coefficients of 00. Ramanujan's GR(q):=1/qG_R(q):=1/q is a normal arithmetic function GG, i.e., multiplicative with G(p)1G(p)\neq 1 on all primes pp; while Hardy's GH(q):=1/φ(q)G_H(q):=1/\varphi(q) is a sporadic GG, namely multiplicative, G(p)=1G(p)=1 for a finite set of pp, but there's no pp with G(pK)=1G(p^K)=1 on all integers K0K\ge 0 (Hardy's has GH(p)=1G_H(p)=1 iff p=2p=2). The G:G:N \rightarrow C multiplicative, such that there's at least a prime pp with G(pK)=1G(p^K)=1, on all K0K\ge 0, are defined to be exotic. This definition completes the cases for multiplicative 00-Ramanujan coefficients. The exotic ones are a kind of new phenomenon in the 00-cloud (i.e., <0><0>): exotic Ramanujan coefficients represent 00 only with a convergence hypothesis. The not exotic, apart from the convergence hypothesis, require in addition q=1G(q)μ(q)=0\sum_{q=1}^{\infty}G(q)\mu(q)=0 for normal G<0>G\in <0>, while sporadic G<0>G\in <0> need (q,P(G))=1G(q)μ(q)=0\sum_{(q,P(G))=1}G(q)\mu(q)=0, P(G):=P(G):=product of all pp making G(p)=1G(p)=1. We give many examples of R.c.s G<0>G\in <0>; we also prove that the only G<0>G\in <0> with absolute convergence are the exotic ones; actually, these generalize to the weakly exotic, not necessarily multiplicative.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2005.14666,
  title  = {Multiplicative Ramanujan coefficients of null-function},
  author = {Giovanni Coppola and Luca Ghidelli},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.14666},
  year   = {2020}
}

Comments

Misprints corrected, Classification improved

R2 v1 2026-06-23T15:54:51.900Z