Multi-probe analysis of strong-field effects in $f(Q)$ gravity
Abstract
Covariant gravity is a viable extension of General Relativity, however its strong-field predictions remain largely untested. Using the static, spherically symmetric black-hole solutions of the theory, we confront it with the most stringent probes available: black-hole shadows, Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) measurements, S2-star precession, and strong gravitational lensing. We show that the two admissible solution branches behave very differently: Case~I produces negligible deviations from Schwarzschild solution, whereas Case~II yields significant, potentially observable corrections to the photon sphere and shadow size. From the EHT shadow diameters of M87* and Sgr~A*, we obtain tight bounds, which are further strengthened by strong-lensing coefficients. These results provide the sharpest strong-field constraints on covariant gravity to date, and point toward future tests using next-generation horizon-scale imaging and precision Galactic-center astrometry.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2512.03529,
title = {Multi-probe analysis of strong-field effects in $f(Q)$ gravity},
author = {Mohsen Khodadi and Behnam Pourhassan and Emmanuel N. Saridakis},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.03529},
year = {2026}
}
Comments
15 pages(two columns), 4 figures, 5 tables. v2: accepted for publication in PRD