Multi-messenger characterization of Mrk 501 during historically low X-ray and $\gamma$-ray activity
Abstract
We study the broadband emission of Mrk 501 using multi-wavelength observations from 2017 to 2020 performed with a multitude of instruments, involving, among others, MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, Swift, GASP-WEBT, and OVRO. Mrk 501 showed an extremely low broadband activity, which may help to unravel its baseline emission. Nonetheless, significant flux variations are detected at all wavebands, with the highest occurring at X-rays and very-high-energy (VHE) -rays. A significant correlation (3) between X-rays and VHE -rays is measured, supporting leptonic scenarios to explain the variable parts of the emission, also during low activity. This is further supported when we extend our data from 2008 to 2020, and identify, for the first time, significant correlations between Swift-XRT and Fermi-LAT. We additionally find correlations between high-energy -rays and radio, with the radio lagging by more than 100 days, placing the -ray emission zone upstream of the radio-bright regions in the jet. Furthermore, Mrk 501 showed a historically low activity in X-rays and VHE -rays from mid-2017 to mid-2019 with a stable VHE flux (0.2 TeV) of 5% the emission of the Crab Nebula. The broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of this 2-year-long low-state, the potential baseline emission of Mrk 501, can be characterized with one-zone leptonic models, and with (lepto)-hadronic models fulfilling neutrino flux constraints from IceCube. We explore the time evolution of the SED towards the low-state, revealing that the stable baseline emission may be ascribed to a standing shock, and the variable emission to an additional expanding or traveling shock.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2210.02547,
title = {Multi-messenger characterization of Mrk 501 during historically low X-ray and $\gamma$-ray activity},
author = {MAGIC collaboration and H. Abe and S. Abe and V. A. Acciari and I. Agudo and T. Aniello and S. Ansoldi and L. A. Antonelli and A. Arbet Engels and C. Arcaro and M. Artero and K. Asano and D. Baack and A. Babić and A. Baquero and U. Barres de Almeida and J. A. Barrio and I. Batković and J. Baxter and J. Becerra González and W. Bednarek and E. Bernardini and M. Bernardos and A. Berti and J. Besenrieder and W. Bhattacharyya and C. Bigongiari and A. Biland and O. Blanch and G. Bonnoli and Ž. Bošnjak and I. Burelli and G. Busetto and R. Carosi and M. Carretero-Castrillo and A. J. Castro-Tirado and G. Ceribella and Y. Chai and A. Chilingarian and S. Cikota and E. Colombo and J. L. Contreras and J. Cortina and S. Covino and G. D'Amico and V. D'Elia and P. Da Vela and F. Dazzi and A. De Angelis and B. De Lotto and A. Del Popolo and M. Delfino and J. Delgado and C. Delgado Mendez and D. Depaoli and F. Di Pierro and L. Di Venere and E. Do Souto Espiñeira and D. Dominis Prester and A. Donini and D. Dorner and M. Doro and D. Elsaesser and G. Emery and J. Escudero and V. Fallah Ramazani and L. Fariña and A. Fattorini and L. Foffano and L. Font and C. Fruck and S. Fukami and Y. Fukazawa and R. J. García López and M. Garczarczyk and S. Gasparyan and M. Gaug and J. G. Giesbrecht Paiva and N. Giglietto and F. Giordano and P. Gliwny and N. Godinović and R. Grau and D. Green and J. G. Green and D. Hadasch and A. Hahn and T. Hassan and L. Heckmann and J. Herrera and D. Hrupec and M. Hütten and R. Imazawa and T. Inada and R. Iotov and K. Ishio and I. Jiménez Martínez and J. Jormanainen and D. Kerszberg and Y. Kobayashi and H. Kubo and J. Kushida and A. Lamastra and D. Lelas and F. Leone and E. Lindfors and L. Linhoff and S. Lombardi and F. Longo and R. López-Coto and M. López-Moya and A. López-Oramas and S. Loporchio and A. Lorini and E. Lyard and B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga and P. Majumdar and M. Makariev and G. Maneva and N. Mang and M. Manganaro and S. Mangano and K. Mannheim and M. Mariotti and M. Martínez and A. Mas-Aguilar and D. Mazin and S. Menchiari and S. Mender and S. Mićanović and D. Miceli and T. Miener and J. M. Miranda and R. Mirzoyan and E. Molina and H. A. Mondal and A. Moralejo and D. Morcuende and V. Moreno and T. Nakamori and C. Nanci and L. Nava and V. Neustroev and M. Nievas Rosillo and C. Nigro and K. Nilsson and K. Nishijima and T. Njoh Ekoume and K. Noda and S. Nozaki and Y. Ohtani and T. Oka and A. Okumura and J. Otero-Santos and S. Paiano and M. Palatiello and D. Paneque and R. Paoletti and J. M. Paredes and L. Pavletić and M. Persic and M. Pihet and G. Pirola and F. Podobnik and P. G. Prada Moroni and E. Prandini and G. Principe and C. Priyadarshi and W. Rhode and M. Ribó and J. Rico and C. Righi and A. Rugliancich and N. Sahakyan and T. Saito and S. Sakurai and K. Satalecka and F. G. Saturni and B. Schleicher and K. Schmidt and F. Schmuckermaier and J. L. Schubert and T. Schweizer and J. Sitarek and V. Sliusar and D. Sobczynska and A. Spolon and A. Stamerra and J. Strišković and D. Strom and M. Strzys and Y. Suda and T. Surić and H. Tajima and M. Takahashi and R. Takeishi and F. Tavecchio and P. Temnikov and K. Terauchi and T. Terzić and M. Teshima and L. Tosti and S. Truzzi and A. Tutone and S. Ubach and J. van Scherpenberg and M. Vazquez Acosta and S. Ventura and V. Verguilov and I. Viale and C. F. Vigorito and V. Vitale and I. Vovk and R. Walter and M. Will and C. Wunderlich and T. Yamamoto and D. Zarić and Other groups and collaborations and : and M. Cerruti and J. A. Acosta-Pulido and G. Apolonio and R. Bachev and M. Baloković and E. Benítez and I. Björklund and V. Bozhilov and L. F. Brown and A. Bugg and W. Carbonell and M. I. Carnerero and D. Carosati and C. Casadio and W. Chamani and W. P. Chen and R. A. Chigladze and G. Damljanovic and K. Epps and A. Erkenov and M. Feige and J. Finke and A. Fuentes and K. Gazeas and M. Giroletti and T. S. Grishina and A. C. Gupta and M. A. Gurwell and E. Heidemann and D. Hiriart and W. J. Hou and T. Hovatta and S. Ibryamov and M. D. Joner and S. G. Jorstad and J. Kania and S. Kiehlmann and G. N. Kimeridze and E. N. Kopatskaya and M. Kopp and M. Korte and B. Kotas and S. Koyama and J. A. Kramer and L. Kunkel and S. O. Kurtanidze and O. M. Kurtanidze and A. Lähteenmäki and J. M. López and V. M. Larionov and E. G. Larionova and L. V. Larionova and C. Leto and C. Lorey and R. Mújica and G. M. Madejski and N. Marchili and A. P. Marscher and M. Minev and A. Modaressi and D. A. Morozova and T. Mufakharov and I. Myserlis and A. A. Nikiforova and M. G. Nikolashvili and E. Ovcharov and M. Perri and C. M. Raiteri and A. C. S. Readhead and A. Reimer and D. Reinhart and S. Righini and K. Rosenlehner and A. C. Sadun and S. S. Savchenko and A. Scherbantin and L. Schneider and K. Schoch and D. Seifert and E. Semkov and L. A. Sigua and C. Singh and P. Sola and Y. Sotnikova and M. Spencer and R. Steineke and M. Stojanovic and A. Strigachev and M. Tornikoski and E. Traianou and A. Tramacere and Yu. V. Troitskaya and I. S. Troitskiy and J. B. Trump and A. Tsai and A. Valcheva and A. A. Vasilyev and F. Verrecchia and M. Villata and O. Vince and K. Vrontaki and Z. R. Weaver and E. Zaharieva and N. Zottmann},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.02547},
year = {2023}
}
Comments
55 pages, 30 figures, 14 tables, accepted by APJS. Corresponding authors are L. Heckmann, D. Paneque, S. Gasparyan, M. Cerruti, and N. Sahakyan