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More Vertices of the Tristochastic Polytope

Combinatorics 2026-04-13 v1

Abstract

The n×nn\times n doubly stochastic matrices constitute a polytope in Rn2\mathbb{R}^{n^2}, and by Birkhoff's theorem, its vertex set coincides with the set of order-nn permutation matrices.\\ A tristochastic array is an n×n×nn \times n\times n array of nonnegative reals, where each row, column, and shaft sums to one. These arrays constitute a polytope Δn\Delta_n in Rn3\mathbb{R}^{n^3}. In analogy, it is easy to see that each of the LnL_n order-nn Latin squares is a vertex of Δn\Delta_n, but in contrast to Birkhoff's theorem, Latin squares form a vanishingly small subset of Δn\Delta_n's vertex set. We show here that Δn\Delta_n has at least Ln2o(1)L_n^{2-o(1)} vertices.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2604.09290,
  title  = {More Vertices of the Tristochastic Polytope},
  author = {Nati Linial and Zur Luria and Maya Trakhtman},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.09290},
  year   = {2026}
}