In quantum key distribution (QKD) implementations, memory effects caused by the limited bandwidth of modulators and/or other active devices can leak information about previous setting choices. Security proofs addressing this imperfection require the characterization of pulse correlations, which, in principle, can be of an arbitrary order, even unbounded. Experimentally, this is very hard (if not impossible) to achieve. Here, we solve this pressing problem by introducing a simple linear model to explain pulse correlations. In so doing, we can derive upper bounds on the correlation strength of arbitrary order from the study of the step response of the system. Importantly, this is what is needed to ensure the security of QKD in the presence of pulse correlations of unbounded length. We experimentally characterize short-range correlations and apply the proposed method to account for long-range correlations to an infinite order.
@article{arxiv.2506.18684,
title = {Modeling and Characterization of Arbitrary Order Pulse Correlations for Quantum Key Distribution},
author = {Ainhoa Agulleiro and Fadri Grünenfelder and Margarida Pereira and Guillermo Currás-Lorenzo and Hugo Zbinden and Marcos Curty and Davide Rusca},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.18684},
year = {2025}
}