English

Missing water in Class I protostellar disks

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics 2020-04-15 v1 Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies

Abstract

Water is a key volatile that provides insights into the initial stages of planet formation. The low water abundances inferred from water observations toward low-mass protostellar objects may point to a rapid locking of water as ice by large dust grains during star and planet formation. However, little is known about the water vapor abundance in newly formed planet-forming disks. We aim to determine the water abundance in embedded Keplerian disks through spatially-resolved observations of H218_2^{18}O lines to understand the evolution of water during star and planet formation. We present H218_2^{18}O line observations with ALMA and NOEMA millimeter interferometers toward five young stellar objects. NOEMA observed the 31,3_{1,3} - 22,02_{2,0} line (Eup_{\rm up} = 203.7 K) while ALMA targeted the 41,44_{1,4} - 32,13_{2,1} line (Eup_{\rm up} = 322.0 K). Water column densities are derived considering optically thin and thermalized emission. Our observations are sensitive to the emission from the known Keplerian disks around three out of the five Class I objects in the sample. No H218_2^{18}O emission is detected toward any of our five Class I disks. We report upper limits to the integrated line intensities. The inferred water column densities in Class I disks are N < 1015^{15} cm2^{-2} on 100 au scales which include both disk and envelope. The upper limits imply a disk-averaged water abundance of 106\lesssim 10^{-6} with respect to H2_2 for Class I objects. After taking into account the physical structure of the disk, the upper limit to the water abundance averaged over the inner warm disk with T>T> 100 K is between 107^{-7} up to 105^{-5}. Water vapor is not abundant in warm protostellar envelopes around Class I protostars. Upper limits to the water vapor column densities in Class I disks are at least two orders magnitude lower than values found in Class 0 disk-like structures.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2002.11897,
  title  = {Missing water in Class I protostellar disks},
  author = {Daniel Harsono and Magnus Persson and Alyssa Ramos and Nadia Murillo and Luke Maud and Michiel Hogerheijde and Arthur Bosman and Lars Kristensen and Jes Jorgensen and Ted Bergin and Ruud Visser and Joe Mottram and Ewine van Dishoeck},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.11897},
  year   = {2020}
}

Comments

13 pages + 6 pages appendix, 7 figures, accepted for publication in aanda

R2 v1 2026-06-23T13:55:34.334Z