Mass formula for topological boundary conditions from TQFT gravity

Mass formulas evaluate the total weighted count of a given class of algebraic structures, such as lattices or codes. We show that 3d TQFTs provide a generalization of this concept: the total weighted count of topological boundary conditions is given by the TQFT partition function averaged over all closed 3d manifolds. This weighted count, which we call the mass, can be interpreted as the renormalized partition function of TQFT gravity. For Abelian TQFTs, the mass formula for topological boundary conditions reduces to the mass formula for particular families of codes. Focusing on the Abelian case, we show how to evaluate the mass for any bosonic theory and consider many explicit examples. We then discuss the non-Abelian generalization and compute the mass for $n + \bar n$ copies of the Ising modular tensor category. Finally, we generalize the construction to five dimensions and compute the mass for Abelian 2-form Chern-Simons theories.