Fine-grained visual understanding and high-level reasoning in real-world open-water environments remain under-explored due to the lack of dedicated benchmarks. We introduce MARINER, a comprehensive benchmark built under the novel Entity-Environment-Event (3E) paradigm. MARINER contains 16,629 multi-source maritime images with 63 fine-grained vessel categories, diverse adverse environments, and 5 typical dynamic maritime incidents, covering fine-grained classification, object detection, and visual question answering tasks. We conduct extensive evaluations on mainstream Multimodal Large language models (MLLMs) and establish baselines, revealing that even advanced models struggle with fine-grained discrimination and causal reasoning in complex marine scenes. As a dedicated maritime benchmark, MARINER fills the gap of realistic and cognitive-level evaluation for maritime multimodal understanding, and promotes future research on robust vision-language models for open-water applications. Appendix and supplementary materials are available at https://lxixim.github.io/MARINER.
@article{arxiv.2604.08615,
title = {MARINER: A 3E-Driven Benchmark for Fine-Grained Perception and Complex Reasoning in Open-Water Environments},
author = {Xingming Liao and Ning Chen and Muying Shu and Yunpeng Yin and Peijian Zeng and Zhuowei Wang and Nankai Lin and Lianglun Cheng},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.08615},
year = {2026}
}