English

Loops with squares in two nuclei

Group Theory 2025-10-28 v2

Abstract

Although little can be gleaned about a loop with the property that its squares are, say, left nuclear (xxyz=(xxy)zxx\cdot yz = (xx\cdot y)z), if its squares are also, say, middle nuclear ((xyy)z=x(yyz)(x\cdot yy)z = x(yy\cdot z)), then the loop exhibits more structure than one might initially guess. Loops with squares in (at least) two nuclei include many well known classes of loops, such as C loops and extra loops, and not so well known classes such left C loops. In any loop with, say, left and middle nuclear squares, the intersection of the left and middle nuclei is a normal subloop; hence such a loop is simple if and only if it is a group or a simple unipotent loop. Loops in which squaring is a centralizing endomorphism have even more structure; they are power-associative, and a torsion loop in that class is a direct product of a loop of 22-elements and a loop of elements of odd order.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2510.19961,
  title  = {Loops with squares in two nuclei},
  author = {Michael Kinyon and J. D. Phillips},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.19961},
  year   = {2025}
}

Comments

16 pages; v.2 minor typo fixes

R2 v1 2026-07-01T07:00:38.230Z