LLM-as-a-Tutor: Policy-Aware Prompt Adaptation for Non-Verifiable RL
Abstract
Reinforcement learning (RL) for non-verifiable instruction following increasingly relies on LLM judges with prompt-specific rubrics as reward signals. While recent methods adapt these rubrics to the evolving policy during training, the training prompts themselves remain static, drawn from fixed corpora. This static approach often results in a critical misalignment between prompt difficulty and policy capability, leaving the judge unable to recover a discriminative reward signal when prompts fail to elicit quality variance among rollouts. To address this misalignment, we introduce LLM-as-a-Tutor, a framework that extends the LLM's role from judge to tutor: a single model serves as an examiner that pairwise-compares policy rollouts to detect non-challenging prompts, and as a generator that appends atomic constraints to them. This append-only design monotonically raises difficulty in step with the policy's capability, producing a self-calibrating training signal without external difficulty schedules. On three complex instruction-following benchmarks, our method consistently outperforms both policy-unaware baselines and prior policy-adaptive methods that adapt rubrics or rewrite prompts, suggesting prompt adaptation as a missing axis of policy-awareness in non-verifiable RL.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2607.04412,
title = {LLM-as-a-Tutor: Policy-Aware Prompt Adaptation for Non-Verifiable RL},
author = {Yujin Kim and Namgyu Ho and Sangmin Hwang and Joonkee Kim and Yongjin Yang and Sangmin Bae and Seungone Kim and Jaehun Jung and Se-Young Yun and Hwanjun Song},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.04412},
year = {2026}
}