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Liquid Reasoning Transformers: A Sudoku-Based Prototype for Chess-Scale Algorithmic Tasks

Machine Learning 2025-12-16 v1 Artificial Intelligence

Abstract

The Liquid Reasoning Transformer (LRT) is a transformer architecture designed for inference with adaptive depths using iterative changes, discard-based correction, and a learned stopping mechanism. Instead of relying on a single feedforward pass, the model updates a recurrent reasoning token across multiple internal steps, allowing it to correct early errors and allocate computation based on input difficulty. We evaluate the LRT on Sudoku as a controlled testbed for structured reasoning and show that it achieves strong performance, reaching 98.68% digit accuracy and 36.30% full-puzzle accuracy without using symbolic rules or search. Analyzing internal patterns shows that the discard and stop gates play different, important roles in stabilizing inferences and adjusting computational depth. We discuss how these mechanisms extend naturally to chess-scale reasoning tasks and outline extensions for multi-token reasoning and larger domains.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2512.12792,
  title  = {Liquid Reasoning Transformers: A Sudoku-Based Prototype for Chess-Scale Algorithmic Tasks},
  author = {Shivansh Sahni and Wenzhi Zhang},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.12792},
  year   = {2025}
}

Comments

11 pages, 0 figures

R2 v1 2026-07-01T08:24:12.493Z