English

Limit theorems for Parrondo's paradox

Probability 2009-09-04 v2

Abstract

That there exist two losing games that can be combined, either by random mixture or by nonrandom alternation, to form a winning game is known as Parrondo's paradox. We establish a strong law of large numbers and a central limit theorem for the Parrondo player's sequence of profits, both in a one-parameter family of capital-dependent games and in a two-parameter family of history-dependent games, with the potentially winning game being either a random mixture or a nonrandom pattern of the two losing games. We derive formulas for the mean and variance parameters of the central limit theorem in nearly all such scenarios; formulas for the mean permit an analysis of when the Parrondo effect is present.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.0902.2368,
  title  = {Limit theorems for Parrondo's paradox},
  author = {S. N. Ethier and Jiyeon Lee},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:0902.2368},
  year   = {2009}
}

Comments

39 pages, 1 figure. Version 2 uses term "capital-dependent" instead of "profit-dependent," discusses an alternative approach to Section 5 suggested by a referee, and makes other minor changes

R2 v1 2026-06-21T12:11:23.545Z