English

Limit shape of single-source stochastic sandpiles with $p$-topplings on $\mathbb{Z}$

Probability 2026-05-12 v1

Abstract

We investigate the limit shape of the single-source model for stochastic sandpiles on the integer line subject to pp--topplings. In this model, an initial configuration of nNn\in\mathbb{N} particles is placed at the origin and stabilized according to a random toppling rule depending on p(0,1)p\in (0,1): an unstable vertex sends exactly one particle to its left neighbor with probability pp, and independently sends exactly one particle to its right neighbor with probability pp. We prove that as nn \to \infty, the macroscopic limit shape of the final stable configuration is a symmetric interval around the origin. Furthermore, by analyzing the center of mass martingale, we establish a central limit theorem for the boundary fluctuations, showing that after proper rescaling, they converge to a Gaussian distribution.

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Cite

@article{arxiv.2605.10361,
  title  = {Limit shape of single-source stochastic sandpiles with $p$-topplings on $\mathbb{Z}$},
  author = {David Beck-Tiefenbach and Robin Kaiser and Julia Überbacher},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.10361},
  year   = {2026}
}

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11 pages