Leave No One Undermined: Policy Targeting with Regret Aversion
Abstract
While the importance of personalized policymaking is widely recognized, fully personalized implementation remains rare in practice, often due to legal, fairness or cost concerns. We study the problem of policy targeting for a regret-averse planner when training data gives a rich set of observables while the assignment rules can only depend on its subset. Our regret-averse criterion reflects a planner's concern about regret inequality across the population. This, in general, leads to a fractional optimal rule due to treatment effect heterogeneity beyond the average treatment effects conditional on the subset of observables. We propose a debiased empirical risk minimization approach to learn the optimal rule from data and establish favorable, new upper and lower bounds for the excess risk, indicating a convergence rate of 1/n and asymptotic efficiency in certain cases. We apply our approach to the National JTPA Study and the International Stroke Trial.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2506.16430,
title = {Leave No One Undermined: Policy Targeting with Regret Aversion},
author = {Toru Kitagawa and Sokbae Lee and Chen Qiu},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.16430},
year = {2026}
}