Historical encrypted manuscripts require both paleographic interpretation of cipher symbols and cryptanalytic recovery of plaintext. Most existing computational workflows rely on a transcription-first paradigm, in which handwritten symbols are transcribed prior to decipherment. This intermediate step is labor-intensive, error-prone, and not always aligned with the goal of direct plaintext recovery. We propose an end-to-end, transcription-free approach that directly maps handwritten cipher images to plaintext. Using the Copiale cipher as a case study, we introduce the first text-line-level dataset pairing cipher images with German plaintext. We show that pretraining on generic handwriting data followed by cipher-specific fine-tuning substantially improves decipherment accuracy. Our results demonstrate that transcription-free image-to-plaintext decipherment is both feasible and effective for historical substitution ciphers, offering a simplified and scalable alternative to traditional pipelines. https://github.com/leitro/Decipher-from-Pixels-Copiale
@article{arxiv.2604.23683,
title = {Learning to Decipher from Pixels -- A Case Study of Copiale},
author = {Lei Kang and Giuseppe De Gregorio and Raphaela Heil and Alicia Fornés and Beáta Megyesi},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.23683},
year = {2026}
}