Learning on the Job: Test-Time Curricula for Targeted Reinforcement Learning
Abstract
Humans are good at learning on the job: We learn how to solve the tasks we face as we go along. Can a model do the same? We propose an agent that assembles a task-specific curriculum, called test-time curriculum (TTC-RL), and applies reinforcement learning to continue training the model for its target task. The test-time curriculum avoids time-consuming human curation of datasets by automatically selecting the most task-relevant data from a large pool of available training data. Our experiments demonstrate that reinforcement learning on a test-time curriculum consistently improves the model on its target tasks, across a variety of evaluations and models. Notably, on challenging math and coding benchmarks, TTC-RL improves the pass@1 of Qwen3-8B by approximately 1.8x on AIME25 and 2.1x on CodeElo. Moreover, we find that TTC-RL significantly raises the performance ceiling compared to the initial model, increasing pass@8 on AIME25 from 40% to 62% and on CodeElo from 28% to 43%. Our findings show the potential of test-time curricula in extending the test-time scaling paradigm to continual training on thousands of task-relevant experiences during test-time.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2510.04786,
title = {Learning on the Job: Test-Time Curricula for Targeted Reinforcement Learning},
author = {Jonas Hübotter and Leander Diaz-Bone and Ido Hakimi and Andreas Krause and Moritz Hardt},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.04786},
year = {2025}
}