Le monde arabe face aux d\'efis de l'eau : enjeux et conflits

In the past years, water has become a global concern. This essential and irreplaceable resource is unevenly distributed between Continents. North Africa and Middle East Arabic countries appear to be the most menaced area. From a starting point : 4.3% of the world population has access to only 0.67% of the resources for sustainable soft water. After decades of voluntarism, self-help, and of technical and development keen interest, times of worries have started. Since the 50's, all the efforts, in the Arabic World, have tended towards the mobilization of increasing volumes. The expected advantages of irrigated agriculture and production of electricity have been lauded, as well as the extension of distribution networks in cities and country side districts. Today's big construction works contribute to legitimize present acting teams: projects such as the Assouan high dam in Egypt, in its time the largest in the world and the Syrian dam of Tabqa, the Moroccan slogan for a million irrigated hectares. Under the triple shock of drought, pollution, and the tremendous growth of needs engendered by population increase and urban growth, the natural resource which we thought would be available for ever has become a scarce economical good. The terms change fundamentally: scarcity, shortage, pollution, confrontation are the key words of a new problematic time. Past certainties fade away. We all have to ask ourselves the right questions and draw conclusions. It might be better in this field not to adopt too sharp attitudes and not to criticize systematically what used to be a short time ago the way to progress.