Large Gravitational Wave Phase Shifts from Strong 3-body Interactions in Dense Stellar Clusters
Abstract
The phase evolution of gravitational waves (GWs) can be modulated by the astrophysical environment surrounding the source, which provides a probe for the origin of individual binary black holes (BBHs) using GWs alone. We here study the evolving phase of the GW waveform derived from a large set of simulations of BBH mergers forming in dense stellar clusters through binary-single interactions. We uncover that a well-defined fraction of the assembled eccentric GW sources will have a notable GW phase shift induced by the remaining third object. The magnitude of the GW phase shift often exceeds conservative analytical estimates due to strong 3-body interactions, which occasionally results in GW sources with clearly shifted and perturbed GW waveforms. This opens up promising opportunities for current and future GW detectors, as observing such a phase shift can identify the formation environment of a BBH, as well as help to characterise the local properties of its surrounding environment.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2411.08572,
title = {Large Gravitational Wave Phase Shifts from Strong 3-body Interactions in Dense Stellar Clusters},
author = {Kai Hendriks and Dany Atallah and Miguel Martinez and Michael Zevin and Lorenz Zwick and Alessandro A. Trani and Pankaj Saini and János Takátsy and Johan Samsing},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.08572},
year = {2026}
}