Lagrangian Multiform for Cyclotomic Gaudin Models

We construct a Lagrangian multiform for the class of cyclotomic (rational) Gaudin models by formulating its hierarchy within the Lie dialgebra framework of Semenov-Tian-Shansky and by using the framework of Lagrangian multiforms on coadjoint orbits. This provides the first example of a Lagrangian multiform for an integrable hierarchy whose classical $r$-matrix is non-skew-symmetric and spectral parameter-dependent. As an important by-product of the construction, we obtain a Lagrangian multiform for the periodic Toda chain by choosing an appropriate realisation of the cyclotomic Gaudin Lax matrix. This fills a gap in the landscape of Toda models as only the open and infinite chains had been previously cast into the Lagrangian multiform framework. A slightly different choice of realisation produces the so-called discrete self-trapping (DST) model. We demonstrate the versatility of the framework by coupling the periodic Toda chain with the DST model and by obtaining a Lagrangian multiform for the corresponding integrable hierarchy.