Indoor localization of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) can be realized with fiducial markers. Such systems require only a simple, monocular camera as sensor and fiducial markers as passive, identifiable position references that can be printed on a piece of paper and distributed in the area of interest. Thus, fiducial marker systems can be scaled to large areas with a minor increase in system complexity and cost. We investigate the localization behavior of the fiducial marker framework ArUco w.r.t. the placement of the markers including the number of markers, their orientation w.r.t. the camera, and the camera-marker distance. In addition, we propose a simple Kalman filter with adaptive measurement noise variances for real-time AMR tracking.
@article{arxiv.2509.17345,
title = {Investigation of ArUco Marker Placement for Planar Indoor Localization},
author = {Sven Hinderer and Martina Scheffler and Bin Yang},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.17345},
year = {2026}
}