Recent experiments suggest that low carrier density three-dimensional (3D) metals ZrTe5 and HfTe5 exhibit the 3D quantum Hall (QH) effect with Hall resistivity plateaus and a metal-insulator transition in strong magnetic fields. The conventional 3D QH theory requires a fixed period charge density wave (CDW), which is however not observed experimentally. We investigate alternative non-CDW mechanisms by considering a 3D metal in strong magnetic fields with electrons coupled to a boson (e.g., phonon) field. We show that the model exhibits inevitable first order phase transitions at jumps of the number of occupied Landau level bands, which do not involve CDW. These transitions may drive the system into a phase separation state with percolation transitions. We further show this can lead to Hall resistivity quasi-plateaus similar to that observed experimentally, and can provide a natural explanation for the metal-insulator transition.
@article{arxiv.2406.11976,
title = {Inevitable First Order Phase Transitions in 3D Quantum Hall Systems},
author = {Kaiyuan Gu and Kai Torrens and Biao Lian},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.11976},
year = {2024}
}