Incorporating demand response of electric vehicles in scheduling of isolated microgrids with renewables using a bi-level programming approach

In this work, a novel optimal scheduling approach is proposed for isolated microgrids (MGs) with renewable generations by incorporating demand response of electric vehicles (EVs). First, a bi-level programming-based MG scheduling model is proposed under real-time pricing environments, where the upper- and lower- levels seek to minimize the MG net operating cost and the EV charging cost. Second, a hybrid solution algorithm called JAYA-interior point method is put forward to solve the model. And finally, the simulation results demonstrate that incorporating demand response of electric vehicles is able to guide EV users to actively participate in MG scheduling and achieve the peak load shaving, which offers a fundamental way to balance the interests between MG and EV users.