Incoherent Imaging with Spatially Structured Quantum Probes

Incoherent imaging, including fluorescence and absorption microscopy, is often limited by weak signals and resolution constraints -- notoriously, Rayleigh's curse. We investigate how spatially structured quantum probes, combined with quantum detection strategies like spatial mode demultiplexing and photon counting, overcome these limitations. We propose a novel imaging protocol based on twin-beam echoes that maps the generalized incoherent-imaging model -- comprising both absorption and fluorescence -- onto distinct passive imaging channels that separately encode the absorption and fluorescence signatures. This enables (i) simultaneous absorption and fluorescence imaging and (ii) direct application of well-known results from passive imaging, all featuring quantum-enhanced measurement sensitivity. Remarkably, the same protocol supports displacement-field reconstruction of multiple quadratures (e.g., oscillators' positions) and works for both conventional and subdiffraction imaging, thereby functioning as a universal quantum imaging module. We also examine the utility of Fock states in a structured spatial mode basis, which offer comparable performance in principle. Though developed for optical imaging, our framework applies broadly to quantum-optical microscopy, phononic or acoustic imaging, and mapping stochastic forces, fields, or charge distributions using an array of mechanical oscillators.