Language models (LMs) significantly improve the recognition accuracy of end-to-end (E2E) models on words rarely seen during training, when used in either the shallow fusion or the rescoring setups. In this work, we introduce LMs in the learning of hybrid autoregressive transducer (HAT) models in the discriminative training framework, to mitigate the training versus inference gap regarding the use of LMs. For the shallow fusion setup, we use LMs during both hypotheses generation and loss computation, and the LM-aware MWER-trained model achieves 10\% relative improvement over the model trained with standard MWER on voice search test sets containing rare words. For the rescoring setup, we learn a small neural module to generate per-token fusion weights in a data-dependent manner. This model achieves the same rescoring WER as regular MWER-trained model, but without the need for sweeping fusion weights.
@article{arxiv.2204.07553,
title = {Improving Rare Word Recognition with LM-aware MWER Training},
author = {Weiran Wang and Tongzhou Chen and Tara N. Sainath and Ehsan Variani and Rohit Prabhavalkar and Ronny Huang and Bhuvana Ramabhadran and Neeraj Gaur and Sepand Mavandadi and Cal Peyser and Trevor Strohman and Yanzhang He and David Rybach},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.07553},
year = {2022}
}