Imaging magnetically driven astrospheres: a forward modelling approach

An astrosphere is a vast, tailed bubble-like volume around a star, formed through the interaction between the stellar magnetic field, the stellar wind, and the interstellar medium (ISM). Detecting and characterizing astrospheres are essential for constraining stellar wind properties, understanding stellar evolution, and assessing the habitability of surrounding exoplanetary systems. Charge exchanges between ionized stellar wind particles and cold ISM hydrogen atoms populate the astrosphere with neutral hydrogen, which can leave observable signatures in the Lyman-$\alpha$ (Ly$\alpha$) line absorption profile. Previous studies have inferred stellar mass-loss rates by measuring Ly$\alpha$ absorption in stellar spectra caused by astrospheric neutral hydrogen. However, our knowledge of the global morphology of astrospheres remains limited and largely dependent on sometimes contradictory simulations. Here we investigate the feasibility of detecting Ly$\alpha$ emission generated by resonant scattering from \NH{} surrounding the star, enabling the construction of a two-dimensional map of the astrosphere. With a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic astrosphere model, we perform forward modelling of the Ly$\alpha$ emission and assess the observation feasibility according to the observational limits of the {\it Hubble Space Telescope} (HST). We further discuss the influence of varied line-of-sight orientations and averaged ISM velocity along the line-of-sight. The spatially resolved circumstellar Ly$\alpha$ emission could provide important constraints on the astrospheric configuration and stellar wind properties, such as the bow shock standing distance, the stellar wind symmetry, and the shape of the astro-tail. Our results highlight Ly$\alpha$ astrosphere detections as a promising science case for {\it HST} and future missions such as the \textit{Habitable Worlds Observatory}.}