Hyper-Operations and Extension of Scalars from $\mathbb{F}_1$ to $\mathbb{Z}$
Abstract
The additive structure of -modules (in the sense of Segal's -sets) differs fundamentally from that of abelian groups: addition is encoded through a family of -ary hyper-operations that are multivalued and do not satisfy classical associativity. We establish a \emph{law of generalized associativity} showing that, despite this failure of strict associativity, all -ary sums are controlled by successive binary operations. This enables us to construct an extension of scalars functor that universally strictifies the hyper-additive structure of -modules into classical abelian group addition. We prove this functor is left adjoint to the Eilenberg-MacLane functor . Extending to the multiplicative setting, we obtain an adjunction between commutative -algebras and commutative rings. This recovers Deitmar's monoid ring construction for spherical monoid algebras and provides a base change mechanism needed for absolute algebraic geometry.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2604.24568,
title = {Hyper-Operations and Extension of Scalars from $\mathbb{F}_1$ to $\mathbb{Z}$},
author = {Luqiao Xu},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.24568},
year = {2026}
}
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28 pages