English

How isotropic is dark energy?

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics 2026-02-02 v1

Abstract

Tensions in late-time expansion data have renewed interest in models beyond Λ\LambdaCDM. We ask: \emph{how isotropic must dark energy be?} Working in Bianchi~I, we allow time-dependent anisotropic stress and introduce a parameterisation that enforces a vanishing line-of-sight integral of the shear, thereby satisfying the CMB ISW quadrupole bound by construction. Using Pantheon+SH0ES SNe together with DESI BAO distances, single-bin (constant) and five-bin anisotropic models improve the fit over wwCDM by Δ(2lnLiso)=14.8\Delta(-2\ln L_{\rm iso})=14.8 and 26.626.6 respectively, but both violate the quadrupole constraint. In contrast, a five-bin constrained model achieves Δ(2lnLiso)=15.4\Delta(-2\ln L_{\rm iso})=15.4 while remaining compatible with the quadrupole limit. The fit improvement arises from two sources: capturing directional structure in the Pantheon+ SNe data, and partially alleviating the tension between the SH0ES H0H_0 value and DESI BAO distances.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2601.22351,
  title  = {How isotropic is dark energy?},
  author = {Richard A. Battye and Adam Moss},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.22351},
  year   = {2026}
}

Comments

9 pages, 4 figures

R2 v1 2026-07-01T09:26:45.864Z