How isotropic is dark energy?
Abstract
Tensions in late-time expansion data have renewed interest in models beyond CDM. We ask: \emph{how isotropic must dark energy be?} Working in Bianchi~I, we allow time-dependent anisotropic stress and introduce a parameterisation that enforces a vanishing line-of-sight integral of the shear, thereby satisfying the CMB ISW quadrupole bound by construction. Using Pantheon+SH0ES SNe together with DESI BAO distances, single-bin (constant) and five-bin anisotropic models improve the fit over CDM by and respectively, but both violate the quadrupole constraint. In contrast, a five-bin constrained model achieves while remaining compatible with the quadrupole limit. The fit improvement arises from two sources: capturing directional structure in the Pantheon+ SNe data, and partially alleviating the tension between the SH0ES value and DESI BAO distances.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2601.22351,
title = {How isotropic is dark energy?},
author = {Richard A. Battye and Adam Moss},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.22351},
year = {2026}
}
Comments
9 pages, 4 figures