English

How Does God Play Dice? (Pre-)Determinism at the Planck Scale

High Energy Physics - Theory 2007-05-23 v1

Abstract

In deterministic theories, one can start from a set of ontological states to formulate the dynamical laws, but these may not be directly observable. Observable are only equivalence classes of states, and these will span a basis of "beables", to be promoted to an orthonormal basis of Hilbert Space. After transforming this basis to a more conventional basis, a theory may result that is fundamentally quantum mechanical. It is conjectured that the quantum laws of the real world may be understood from exactly such a procedure.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.hep-th/0104219,
  title  = {How Does God Play Dice? (Pre-)Determinism at the Planck Scale},
  author = {Gerard 't Hooft},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:hep-th/0104219},
  year   = {2007}
}

Comments

An Essay in honour of John S. Bell. 8 pages TeX, no figures

R2 v1 2026-07-22T15:03:47.489Z