How Do Developers Interact with AI? An Exploratory Study on Modeling Developer Programming Behavior

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping how developers adopt software engineering practices, yet the multi-dimensional nature of developer-AI interaction remains under-explored. Prior studies have primarily examined dimensions observable from developer activities such as "Prompt Crafting" and "Code Editing," overlooking how hidden intentions and emotional dimensions intertwine with concrete actions during AI-assisted programming. To understand this phenomenon, we conducted a mixed-methods study with 76 developers split into AI-assisted and non-AI groups. Each performed programming tasks (Python with API management or Java with SQL). Developers retrospectively labeled their self-reported intentions, tool-supported actions, and emotions from screen recordings, supplemented by surveys and interviews. Our user study resulted in a novel model named S-IASE with four dimensions to describe programming behavior: intention, action, supporting tool, and emotion for a given development state. Our analysis reveals aggregated and sequential behavioral patterns. For example, using AI assistants often makes developers more focused on actively creating code, evaluating, and verifying generated results. AI-assisted participants showed emotionally stable development flow, as opposed to non-AI-assisted participants who experienced more fluctuating emotions. Interviews revealed further nuance: some developers reported impostor-like feelings, expressing guilt or self-doubt about relying on AI. Our work bridges an important gap in understanding the complexities of developer-AI interaction in programming context.