Haptic Light-Emitting Diodes: Miniature, Luminous Tactile Actuators
Abstract
We present Haptic Light-Emitting Diodes (HLEDs), luminous thermopneumatic actuators that directly convert pulsed light into mechanical forces and displacements. Each device packages a miniature surface-mount LED in a gas-filled cavity that contains a low-inertia graphite photoabsorber. The cavity is sealed by an elastic membrane, which functions as a working diaphragm. Brief optical pulses heat the photoabsorber, which heats the gas. The resulting rapid pressure increases generate forces and displacements at the working diaphragm. Millimeter-scale HLEDs produce forces exceeding 0.4 N and displacements of 0.9 mm at low voltages, with 5 to 100 ms response times, making them attractive as actuators providing tactile feedback in human-machine interfaces. Unusually, these actuators are also light-emitting, as a fraction of optical energy is transmitted through the membrane. These photomechanical actuators have many potential applications in tactile displays, human interface engineering, wearable computing, and other areas.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2601.11043,
title = {Haptic Light-Emitting Diodes: Miniature, Luminous Tactile Actuators},
author = {Max Linnander and Yon Visell},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.11043},
year = {2026}
}