English

Hamilton decompositions of all directed tori at odd modulus

Combinatorics 2026-05-12 v2 Discrete Mathematics Logic in Computer Science

Abstract

Let Dd(m)=Cay((Z/mZ)d,e0,,ed1)D_d(m) = \mathrm{Cay}((\mathbb{Z}/m\mathbb{Z})^d, {e_0, \ldots, e_{d-1}}) denote the directed Cayley graph on the positive coordinate basis, equivalently the Cartesian product of dd directed cycles of length mm. The equal side directed Hamilton decomposition problem asks when the arc set of Dd(m)D_d(m) partitions into dd directed Hamilton cycles. We prove that such a decomposition exists for every d2d \geq 2 and every odd m3m \geq 3, settling the equal side directed Hamilton decomposition problem at all odd moduli. The proof combines root flat certificate theorem, a prefix count primitivity criterion, and a modular trade lifting theorem with two closure principles: the Cartesian product and the successor step b2b+1b \mapsto 2b+1. Together these propagate the small base dimensions d2,3,5,7d \in {2, 3, 5, 7} to all d2d \geq 2. The boundary cases D7(3)D_7(3) and D7(5)D_7(5), where the prefix-count family saturates its zero symbol budget, are handled by explicit non prefix zero set root flat certificates whose zero set compiler. An accompanying Lean 4 formalization verifies the main theorem and the finite certificate predicates.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2605.04734,
  title  = {Hamilton decompositions of all directed tori at odd modulus},
  author = {SangHyun Park},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.04734},
  year   = {2026}
}

Comments

Comments (arXiv metadata): v2: terminology revised ("zero-set compiler" replaces "selector tables" for the boundary cases); 11 figures added; expanded acknowledgements and AI-assistance disclosure; finite-certificate appendices reorganised. Mathematical content unchanged from v1