Graph Neural Networks for Low-Energy Event Classification & Reconstruction in IceCube
Abstract
IceCube, a cubic-kilometer array of optical sensors built to detect atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos between 1 GeV and 1 PeV, is deployed 1.45 km to 2.45 km below the surface of the ice sheet at the South Pole. The classification and reconstruction of events from the in-ice detectors play a central role in the analysis of data from IceCube. Reconstructing and classifying events is a challenge due to the irregular detector geometry, inhomogeneous scattering and absorption of light in the ice and, below 100 GeV, the relatively low number of signal photons produced per event. To address this challenge, it is possible to represent IceCube events as point cloud graphs and use a Graph Neural Network (GNN) as the classification and reconstruction method. The GNN is capable of distinguishing neutrino events from cosmic-ray backgrounds, classifying different neutrino event types, and reconstructing the deposited energy, direction and interaction vertex. Based on simulation, we provide a comparison in the 1-100 GeV energy range to the current state-of-the-art maximum likelihood techniques used in current IceCube analyses, including the effects of known systematic uncertainties. For neutrino event classification, the GNN increases the signal efficiency by 18% at a fixed false positive rate (FPR), compared to current IceCube methods. Alternatively, the GNN offers a reduction of the FPR by over a factor 8 (to below half a percent) at a fixed signal efficiency. For the reconstruction of energy, direction, and interaction vertex, the resolution improves by an average of 13%-20% compared to current maximum likelihood techniques in the energy range of 1-30 GeV. The GNN, when run on a GPU, is capable of processing IceCube events at a rate nearly double of the median IceCube trigger rate of 2.7 kHz, which opens the possibility of using low energy neutrinos in online searches for transient events.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2209.03042,
title = {Graph Neural Networks for Low-Energy Event Classification & Reconstruction in IceCube},
author = {R. Abbasi and M. Ackermann and J. Adams and N. Aggarwal and J. A. Aguilar and M. Ahlers and M. Ahrens and J. M. Alameddine and A. A. Alves and N. M. Amin and K. Andeen and T. Anderson and G. Anton and C. Argüelles and Y. Ashida and S. Athanasiadou and S. Axani and X. Bai and A. Balagopal V. and M. Baricevic and S. W. Barwick and V. Basu and R. Bay and J. J. Beatty and K. -H. Becker and J. Becker Tjus and J. Beise and C. Bellenghi and S. Benda and S. BenZvi and D. Berley and E. Bernardini and D. Z. Besson and G. Binder and D. Bindig and E. Blaufuss and S. Blot and F. Bontempo and J. Y. Book and J. Borowka and C. Boscolo Meneguolo and S. Böser and O. Botner and J. Böttcher and E. Bourbeau and J. Braun and B. Brinson and J. Brostean-Kaiser and R. T. Burley and R. S. Busse and M. A. Campana and E. G. Carnie-Bronca and C. Chen and Z. Chen and D. Chirkin and K. Choi and B. A. Clark and L. Classen and A. Coleman and G. H. Collin and A. Connolly and J. M. Conrad and P. Coppin and P. Correa and S. Countryman and D. F. Cowen and R. Cross and C. Dappen and P. Dave and C. De Clercq and J. J. DeLaunay and D. Delgado López and H. Dembinski and K. Deoskar and A. Desai and P. Desiati and K. D. de Vries and G. de Wasseige and T. DeYoung and A. Diaz and J. C. Díaz-Vélez and M. Dittmer and H. Dujmovic and M. A. DuVernois and T. Ehrhardt and P. Eller and R. Engel and H. Erpenbeck and J. Evans and P. A. Evenson and K. L. Fan and A. R. Fazely and A. Fedynitch and N. Feigl and S. Fiedlschuster and A. T. Fienberg and C. Finley and L. Fischer and D. Fox and A. Franckowiak and E. Friedman and A. Fritz and P. Fürst and T. K. Gaisser and J. Gallagher and E. Ganster and A. Garcia and S. Garrappa and L. Gerhardt and A. Ghadimi and C. Glaser and T. Glauch and T. Glüsenkamp and N. Goehlke and J. G. Gonzalez and S. Goswami and D. Grant and S. J. Gray and T. Grégoire and S. Griswold and C. Günther and P. Gutjahr and C. Haack and A. Hallgren and R. Halliday and L. Halve and F. Halzen and H. Hamdaoui and M. Ha Minh and K. Hanson and J. Hardin and A. A. Harnisch and P. Hatch and A. Haungs and K. Helbing and J. Hellrung and F. Henningsen and L. Heuermann and S. Hickford and C. Hill and G. C. Hill and K. D. Hoffman and K. Hoshina and W. Hou and T. Huber and K. Hultqvist and M. Hünnefeld and R. Hussain and K. Hymon and S. In and N. Iovine and A. Ishihara and M. Jansson and G. S. Japaridze and M. Jeong and M. Jin and B. J. P. Jones and D. Kang and W. Kang and X. Kang and A. Kappes and D. Kappesser and L. Kardum and T. Karg and M. Karl and A. Karle and U. Katz and M. Kauer and J. L. Kelley and A. Kheirandish and K. Kin and J. Kiryluk and S. R. Klein and A. Kochocki and R. Koirala and H. Kolanoski and T. Kontrimas and L. Köpke and C. Kopper and D. J. Koskinen and P. Koundal and M. Kovacevich and M. Kowalski and T. Kozynets and E. Krupczak and E. Kun and N. Kurahashi and N. Lad and C. Lagunas Gualda and M. J. Larson and F. Lauber and J. P. Lazar and J. W. Lee and K. Leonard and A. Leszczyńska and M. Lincetto and Q. R. Liu and M. Liubarska and E. Lohfink and C. Love and C. J. Lozano Mariscal and L. Lu and F. Lucarelli and A. Ludwig and W. Luszczak and Y. Lyu and W. Y. Ma and J. Madsen and K. B. M. Mahn and Y. Makino and S. Mancina and W. Marie Sainte and I. C. Mariş and S. Marka and Z. Marka and M. Marsee and I. Martinez-Soler and R. Maruyama and T. McElroy and F. McNally and J. V. Mead and K. Meagher and S. Mechbal and A. Medina and M. Meier and S. Meighen-Berger and Y. Merckx and J. Micallef and D. Mockler and T. Montaruli and R. W. Moore and R. Morse and M. Moulai and T. Mukherjee and R. Naab and R. Nagai and U. Naumann and A. Nayerhoda and J. Necker and M. Neumann and H. Niederhausen and M. U. Nisa and S. C. Nowicki and A. Obertacke Pollmann and M. Oehler and B. Oeyen and A. Olivas and R. Orsoe and J. Osborn and E. O'Sullivan and H. Pandya and D. V. Pankova and N. Park and G. K. Parker and E. N. Paudel and L. Paul and C. Pérez de los Heros and L. Peters and T. C. Petersen and J. Peterson and S. Philippen and S. Pieper and A. Pizzuto and M. Plum and Y. Popovych and A. Porcelli and M. Prado Rodriguez and B. Pries and R. Procter-Murphy and G. T. Przybylski and C. Raab and J. Rack-Helleis and M. Rameez and K. Rawlins and Z. Rechav and A. Rehman and P. Reichherzer and G. Renzi and E. Resconi and S. Reusch and W. Rhode and M. Richman and B. Riedel and E. J. Roberts and S. Robertson and S. Rodan and G. Roellinghoff and M. Rongen and C. Rott and T. Ruhe and L. Ruohan and D. Ryckbosch and D. Rysewyk Cantu and I. Safa and J. Saffer and D. Salazar-Gallegos and P. Sampathkumar and S. E. Sanchez Herrera and A. Sandrock and M. Santander and S. Sarkar and S. Sarkar and M. Schaufel and H. Schieler and S. Schindler and B. Schlueter and T. Schmidt and J. Schneider and F. G. Schröder and L. Schumacher and G. Schwefer and S. Sclafani and D. Seckel and S. Seunarine and A. Sharma and S. Shefali and N. Shimizu and M. Silva and B. Skrzypek and B. Smithers and R. Snihur and J. Soedingrekso and A. Søgaard and D. Soldin and C. Spannfellner and G. M. Spiczak and C. Spiering and M. Stamatikos and T. Stanev and R. Stein and T. Stezelberger and T. Stürwald and T. Stuttard and G. W. Sullivan and I. Taboada and S. Ter-Antonyan and W. G. Thompson and J. Thwaites and S. Tilav and K. Tollefson and C. Tönnis and S. Toscano and D. Tosi and A. Trettin and C. F. Tung and R. Turcotte and J. P. Twagirayezu and B. Ty and M. A. Unland Elorrieta and K. Upshaw and N. Valtonen-Mattila and J. Vandenbroucke and N. van Eijndhoven and D. Vannerom and J. van Santen and J. Vara and J. Veitch-Michaelis and S. Verpoest and D. Veske and C. Walck and W. Wang and T. B. Watson and C. Weaver and P. Weigel and A. Weindl and J. Weldert and C. Wendt and J. Werthebach and M. Weyrauch and N. Whitehorn and C. H. Wiebusch and N. Willey and D. R. Williams and M. Wolf and G. Wrede and J. Wulff and X. W. Xu and J. P. Yanez and E. Yildizci and S. Yoshida and S. Yu and T. Yuan and Z. Zhang and P. Zhelnin},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.03042},
year = {2022}
}
Comments
Prepared for submission to JINST