English

Graph Energy Maximisation for Integral Circulant Graphs of Order $n = p^2q^3$

Combinatorics 2026-04-13 v1

Abstract

The energy of a graph is the sum of the absolute values of its adjacency eigenvalues. For integral circulant graphs \ICG(n,D)\ICG(n,\mathcal{D}) of order n=p2q3n=p^2q^3, where pp and qq are distinct odd primes, we prove that the adjacency eigenvalues of \ICG(p2q3,\Dstar)\ICG(p^2q^3,\Dstar), for the divisor set \Dstar={1,p2,pq,q2,p2q2,pq3}\Dstar=\{1,p^2,pq,q^2,p^2q^2,pq^3\}, admit an exact Kronecker factorisation in the prime exponents: they separate completely into a factor depending only on pp and a factor depending only on~qq. This factorisation holds unconditionally for all pairs of distinct odd primes and constitutes the structural core of the paper. From it we derive, unconditionally, the first closed-form polynomial formula for the energy of a two-prime-order integral circulant graph evaluated at \Dstar\Dstar. Exhaustive computation over prime pairs (p,q)(p,q) confirms that \Dstar\Dstar is the unique energy maximiser in every tested case; we conjecture that this universality holds for all pairs of distinct odd primes.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2604.09491,
  title  = {Graph Energy Maximisation for Integral Circulant Graphs of Order $n = p^2q^3$},
  author = {Diego Roldan},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.09491},
  year   = {2026}
}