Graph Energy Maximisation for Integral Circulant Graphs of Order $n = p^2q^3$
Abstract
The energy of a graph is the sum of the absolute values of its adjacency eigenvalues. For integral circulant graphs of order , where and are distinct odd primes, we prove that the adjacency eigenvalues of , for the divisor set , admit an exact Kronecker factorisation in the prime exponents: they separate completely into a factor depending only on and a factor depending only on~. This factorisation holds unconditionally for all pairs of distinct odd primes and constitutes the structural core of the paper. From it we derive, unconditionally, the first closed-form polynomial formula for the energy of a two-prime-order integral circulant graph evaluated at . Exhaustive computation over prime pairs confirms that is the unique energy maximiser in every tested case; we conjecture that this universality holds for all pairs of distinct odd primes.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2604.09491,
title = {Graph Energy Maximisation for Integral Circulant Graphs of Order $n = p^2q^3$},
author = {Diego Roldan},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.09491},
year = {2026}
}