Grand-unification Theory Atlas: Standard Model and Beyond
Abstract
Under a reasonable set of ab-initio assumptions, we define and chart the atlas of simple gauge theories with families of fermions whose masses are forbidden by gauge invariance. We propose a compass to navigate the atlas based on counting degrees of freedom. When searching for Grand-unification Theories with three matter generations, the free energy singles out the SU(5) Georgi-Glashow model as the minimal one, closely followed by SO(10) with spinorial matter. The atlas also defines the dryland of grand-unifiable gauge extensions of the standard model. We further provide examples relevant for gauge dual completions of the standard model as well as extensions by an additional SU(N) gauge symmetry.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2507.06368,
title = {Grand-unification Theory Atlas: Standard Model and Beyond},
author = {Giacomo Cacciapaglia and Aldo Deandrea and Konstantinos Kollias and Francesco Sannino},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.06368},
year = {2025}
}
Comments
5 pages, extensive supplementary material attached. v2: updated references, minor typos fixed