Global Centers and Phase Portraits in Generalized Duffing Oscillators: A Comprehensive Study of the Center-Focus Problem

This work presents a comprehensive study of the generalized Duffing oscillator, a fundamental model in nonlinear dynamics described by the system $$\dot{x} = y, \quad \dot{y} = -\alpha y - \epsilon x^m - \sigma x,$$ where $\epsilon \neq 0$ and $m \geq 1$. We focus on the topological classification of phase portraits, the characterization of global centers, and the absence of limit cycles for $\alpha\neq0$. For the linear case ($m = 1$), we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the origin to be a global center, showing that this occurs if, and only if, $\alpha = 0$ and $\epsilon + \sigma > 0$. For the nonlinear case ($m > 1$), we prove that the origin is a global center if, and only if, $m$ is odd, $\sigma, \epsilon > 0$, $\alpha = 0$. Additionally, we classify the global phase portraits for every $m$, demonstrating the rich dynamical behavior of the system and detect homoclinic, heteroclinic and double-homoclinic cycles for $\alpha=0$. Using the Bendixson-Dulac criterion, we rule out the existence of limit cycles for $\alpha\neq 0$, further clarifying the behavior of the system. Our results resolve the center-focus problem for the degenerate case $\alpha = 0$ and provide a complete characterization of global centers for generalized Duffing oscillators of odd degrees. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of nonlinear dynamical systems and have potential applications in modeling oscillatory phenomena.