Generating wall-bounded turbulent inflows at high Reynolds numbers

One of the main challenges in simulating high Reynolds number ($Re$) turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) is the long streamwise distance required for large-scale outer-layer structures to develop, making such simulations prohibitively expensive. We propose an inflow generation method for high $Re$ wall turbulence that leverages the known structure and scaling laws of TBLs, enabling shorter development lengths by providing rich input information. As observed from the inner-scaled pre-multiplied spectra of streamwise velocity, with an increase in $Re$ the outer region grows and occupies more of the spanwise wavenumber space in proportion to the increase in $Re$; while the inner region remains approximately the same. Exploiting this behavior, we generate high-$Re$ inflow conditions for a $\textit{target}$ $Re$ by starting from cross-stream velocity slices at a lower $\textit{base}$ $Re$. In spectral space, we identify the inner and outer region wavenumbers, and shift the outer-region components proportionally to the desired $Re$ increase. We closely examine the capability of this method by scaling a set of velocity slices at $Re_\theta=2240$ and $4430$ to $Re_\theta=8000$, and using them as inflow conditions for direct numerical simulations (DNS) of spatially developing TBLs growing from $Re_\theta=8000-9000$. The skin friction coefficient and shape factor predicted by the new method, regardless of the $\textit{base}$ $Re$ tested, is within $\pm3.5\%$ and $\pm0.5\%$, respectively, of that of a precursor simulation right from the inlet. Reynolds stresses match very well after approximately $8~\delta_{99_0}$. This gives an order of magnitude reduction in development length compared to other methods proposed in the literature.