Generalized Ramsey--Tur\'an density for cliques

We study the generalized Ramsey--Tur\'an function $\mathrm{RT}(n,K_s,K_t,o(n))$, which is the maximum possible number of copies of $K_s$ in an $n$-vertex $K_t$-free graph with independence number $o(n)$. The case when $s=2$ was settled by Erd{\H{o}}s, S{\'o}s, Bollob{\'a}s, Hajnal, and Szemer\'{e}di in the 1980s. We combinatorially resolve the general case for all $s\ge 3$, showing that the (asymptotic) extremal graphs for this problem have simple (bounded) structures. In particular, it implies that the extremal structures follow a periodic pattern when $t$ is much larger than $s$. Our results disprove a conjecture of Balogh, Liu, and Sharifzadeh and show that a relaxed version does hold.