While the safety risks of image-based large language models (Image LLMs) have been extensively studied, their video-based counterparts (Video LLMs) remain critically under-examined. To systematically study this problem, we introduce VideoSafetyEval - a large-scale, real-world benchmark for Video LLM safety, which comprises 11.4k video-query pairs and spans 19 principal risk categories. Based on this, we reveal that integrating video modality degrades safety performance by an average of 34.2%, thereby exposing systemic risks in multimodal attack exploitation. To address this vulnerability, we propose VideoSafety-R1, a dual-stage framework achieving unprecedented safety gains through three innovations: (1) the VideoSafetyThinking dataset contains 46k video-query-thinking response triplets; (2) Alarm Token-Guided Safety Fine-Tuning (AT-SFT) injects learnable alarm tokens into visual and textual sequences, enabling explicit harm perception across modalities via multitask objectives; and (3) safety-guided GRPO enhances defensive reasoning through dynamic policy optimization with rule-based rewards derived from dual-modality verification. These components synergize to shift safety alignment from harm perception to active reasoning. The framework achieves a 71.1% improvement on VSE-HH, and improves by 59.1%, 44.3%, and 15.0% on the image safety datasets MMBench, VLGuard, and FigStep, respectively. Our code and dataset are available at https://github.com/Emiya-syw/VideoSafety-R1.git. Note: This paper contains harmful language and image examples, and reader discretion is recommended.
@article{arxiv.2505.16643,
title = {From Evaluation to Defense: Advancing Safety in Video Large Language Models},
author = {Yiwei Sun and Peiqi Jiang and Chuanbin Liu and Luohao Lin and Zhiying Lu and Hongtao Xie},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.16643},
year = {2026}
}