Friction terms in multi-fluid description of heavy-ion collisions
Abstract
In multi-fluid description of heavy-ion collisions, the primary scatterings and particle production are described in terms of interaction between fluids, so called friction. These friction terms can be derived from kinetic theory, but they are not unique. We compare different approaches to derive the friction terms, introduce a new ``charge transfer" friction, which allows to move charge to the midrapidity fireball, and implement them in the MUFFIN model. The charge transfer friction is more consistent with the assumption of three fluids clearly separated in momentum space, and allows better comparisons of the experimental data and underlying equation of state. It also leaves room for entropy generation due to dissipation in individual fluids, and we present the first results obtained using viscous multi-fluid dynamics.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2511.10487,
title = {Friction terms in multi-fluid description of heavy-ion collisions},
author = {Clemens Werthmann and Iurii Karpenko and Pasi Huovinen},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.10487},
year = {2026}
}
Comments
14 pages, 6 figures. v2: Minor changes, equivalent to published version